Introduction
worldwide in both genders combined, lung cancer is the on the whole frequently diagnosed cancer and the important cause of cancer death.1 Flexible fiber -optic bronchoscopy (FOB) is very safe and highly sensitive investigation for patients suspecting lung malignancy.2 Beside histology, cytological diagnosis is possible with the help of such bronchoscopy. In modern days, immense attention in the histological categorization of lung cancer in consideration of newer histology guided therapeutic modalities and genomic classification of lung carcinoma. In western countries and the majority of the Asian countries, adenocarcinoma has outshines squamous cell carcinoma in terms of occurrence. This change appears to be attributable somewhat to the transformed smoking pattern and rising incidence of lung cancer in females and non- smokers.3,4 Tobacco smoking constitutes the single most important carcinogen for lung cancer.
The expected diagnostic yield of flexible fiber -optic bronchoscopy depends on location and distribution of the tumour.5 Central and endobronchial lesions have the highest diagnostic yield. The use of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) can augment the yield substantially. Biopsy of solid lesion can assist in analysis of over 60% of cases but the success rates are lesser if the lesion is intramural in place and falls further if the lesion is distant from idea of bronchoscopy. Since its introduction, published rates of complication from flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopy have ranged from <0.1 to 11%, with mortality generally reported between 0 and 0.1%.6
Materials and Methods
Present study was observational prospective study completed over a time of one year at a tertiary care centre of western India. In this study all patients with suspected lung cancer and subjected to bronchoscopy were recruited in the study after taking informed consent. A detailed clinical history, physical examinations was done before hand and necessary investigations were carried out for example chest radiography, CT scan of thorax, haematological examination, sputum for AFB, etc. Patients with HIV AIDS were excluded from the study. Children less than 18 years of age, patients who did not give consent for the study and patients who had absolute contraindications for performing fibreoptic bronchoscopy were excluded from the study.
Results and Discussion
Greater than 28% of every cancer mortality each year are due to lung cancer.7 Lung cancer stands for the chief reason of cancer death all over the world, with 1.4 million deaths every year due to lung cancer.8 As per WHO figures, Egypt has the maximum death rate, prevalence, and incidence in North Africa.9
This study included 75 patients with primary malignancy of the lung (59 male and 16 female patients). Majority of the patients in this study were in age group of 51 to 70 years (58.66%). (Figure 1) Cough was the most common symptom present in 67(89.33%) of the patients followed by dyspnoea 40(53.33%), chest pain 34(45.33%), haemoptysis 33(44.0%), weight loss 23 (30.66%) and hoarseness of voice 16(21.33%). Fever was present in 10 patients (13.33%) while dysphagia was observed in 4(5.33%) patients. Clinical signs such as clubbing were present in 32(42.66%) patients and cervical lymphadenopathy was present in 20 (26.66%) patients. In this present study, 52(69.33%) patients were current or former smokers and 23(30.66%) were never-smokers, finding of this study were in harmony with the findings of Safwat et al.10
Table 1
Distribution of patients according to broncoscopic procedures
Table 2
Anatomical site at which lesion was encountered during bronchoscopy
Table 3
Macroscopic presentation of lesion seen in bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy guided endo-bronchial biopsy was more specific than BAL cytology. 27 (36.0%) patients were diagnosed based on only endo-bronchial tissue biopsy histopathology report. 20 patients (26.66%) were diagnosed by both BAL cytology and endo-bronchial biopsy histopathology examination. 17(22.66%) patients were diagnosed by only BAL cytology. 2(4.4%) patients were diagnosed by both BAL cytology and TBNA. One patient (1.33%) was diagnosed exclusively on TBNA report. Post bronchoscopy sputum cytology and BAL both together helped to arrive at diagnosis in 2 (2.66%) patients. 4 patients (5.33%) was diagnosed by post bronchoscopy sputum cytology only without the help of any other reports.
Table 4
Association of type of cancer with gender, smoking, metastasis and bronchoscopic procedure
In this present study, 52(69.33%) patients were current or former smokers and 23(30.66%) were never-smokers. Out of smokers, 90.1% smokers had smoking history of ≥ 20 pack years of smoking. No one of female was smokers. Amid Smokers, Squamous cell carcinoma was more frequent histological subtype found. Findings of this were also in harmony with the research of Kshatriya et al11 who found among 25 cases of malignancy, 19 smokers and six nonsmokers. Squamous cell carcinoma was observed more in smokers, which was in agreement with findings of Mazharand Jehanzeb.12
Metastasis was found in 82.5% patients at the time of diagnosis. In lungs, upper lobe was most commonly involved, wherein left upper lobe was most commonly involved. For proper staging of the tumor patients were referred to the nearby cancer institute where the further management of theirs was carried out. Finding of this study were in harmony with Rabahiet al13 who describe the location of noticeable tumors in 169 cases; the tumor was there in the upper lobe bronchi in 48% of cases.
In this present study, only 3(4%) out of 75 patients had compli cations. There were no serious complications and there was zero mortality. 2 patients had bleeding from biopsy site during endo-bronchial biopsy which was easily controlled with ice-cold 0.9% normal saline lavage. 1 patient developed bronchospasm who was a known case of COPD. Bronchospasm was controlled within short period with inhaled bronchodilators (Levosalbutamol) which were administered soon after the patient was shifted to short general anaesthesia (propofol) by expert standby anaesthetist and then the procedure was carried out without further complications.
Table 4 explains association of type of cancer with gender, smoking, metasta sis and bronchoscopic procedure. It was observed that males had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher risk ratio of squamous cell and Adeno Carcinoma contrast to females. Smoking was more linked with squamous cell carcinoma and differences between two carcinoma groups were significant statistically. (Odds ratio: 1.25) (p≤0.05) Similarly, metastasis was more associated with squamous cell carcinoma and it was also statistically significant (Odds ratio: 1.30). There was statistically significant differentiation observed between the bronchoscopic procedures like BAL cytology and Bronchial Biopsy in diagnosis of squamous and adenocarcinoma. (p≤0.05) (Odds ratio: 1.02)
Conclusion
Premature recognition of lung cancer in the airway is vital for evading the multi-step sequence to insidious cancer. Even though tissue biopsy is the gold standard for analysing neoplastic and preneoplastic disease, bronchoscopic technologies are the safest and most precise apparatus to assess both central and distal airway mucosa. Appropriate screening and premature diagnostic methods should be functional on a huge scale to discover out alleged patients who are at risk of rising lung cancer.
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